Mammary Gland Pathology Subsequent to Acute Infection with Strong versus Weak Biofilm Forming <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bovine Mastitis Isolates: A Pilot Study Using Non-Invasive Mouse Mastitis Model

<div><p>Background</p><p>Biofilm formation by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is an important virulence attribute because of its potential to induce persistent antibiotic resistance, retard phagocytosis and either attenuate or promote inflammation, depending upon the disease syndrome, <i>in vivo</i>. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential significance of strength of biofilm formation by clinical bovine mastitis-associated <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> in mammary tissue damage by using a mouse mastitis model.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Two <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> strains of the same capsular phenotype with different biofilm forming strengths were used to non-invasively infect mammary glands of lactating mice. Biofilm forming potential of these strains were determined by tissue culture plate method, <i>ica</i> typing and virulence gene profile per detection by PCR. Delivery of the infectious dose of <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> was directly through the teat lactiferous duct without invasive scraping of the teat surface. Both bacteriological and histological methods were used for analysis of mammary gland pathology of mice post-infection.</p><p>Results</p><p>Histopathological analysis of the infected mammary glands revealed that mice inoculated with the strong biofilm forming <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> strain produced marked acute mastitic lesions, showing profuse infiltration predominantly with neutrophils, with evidence of necrosis in the affected mammary glands. In contrast, the damage was significantly less severe in mammary glands of mice infected with the weak biofilm-forming <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> strain. Although both IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory biomarkers were produced in infected mice, level of TNF-α produced was significantly higher (p<0.05) in mice inoculated with strong biofilm forming <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> than the weak biofilm forming strain.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>This finding suggests an important role of TNF-α in mammary gland pathology post-infection with strong biofilm-forming <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> in the acute mouse mastitis model, and offers an opportunity for the development of novel strategies for reduction of mammary tissue damage, with or without use of antimicrobials and/or anti-inflammatory compounds for the treatment of bovine mastitis.</p>