Influence of Surface Chemistry on Adhesion and Osteo/Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

The complex interaction between extracellular matrix and cells makes the design of materials for dental regeneration challenging. Chemical composition is an important characteristic of biomaterial surfaces, which plays an essential role in modulating the adhesion and function of cells. The effect of different chemical groups on directing the fate of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) was thus explored in our study. A range of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with amino (−NH₂), hydroxyl (−OH), carboxyl (−COOH), and methyl (−CH₃) modifications were prepared. Proliferation, morphology, adhesion, and differentiation of hDPSCs were then analyzed to demonstrate the effects of surface chemical groups. The results showed that hDPSCs attached to the −NH₂ surface displayed a highly branched osteocyte-like morphology with improved cell adhesion and proliferation abilities. Moreover, hDPSCs cultured on the −NH₂ surface also tended to obtain an increased osteo/odontogenesis differentiation potential. However, the hDPSCs on the −COOH, −OH, and −CH₃ surfaces preferred to maintain the mesenchymal stem cell-like phenotype. In summary, this study indicated the influence of chemical groups on hDPSCs in vitro and demonstrated that −NH₂ might be a promising surface modification strategy to achieve improved biocompatibility, osteoconductivity/osteoinductivity, and osseointegration of dental implants, potentially facilitating dental tissue regeneration