DNA methylation of candidate genes in peripheral blood from patients with type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing and several studies suggested an involvement of DNA methylation in the development of these metabolic diseases. This study was designed to investigate if differential DNA methylation in blood can function as a biomarker for T2D and/or MetS.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Pyrosequencing analyses were performed for the candidate genes <i>KCNJ11</i>, <i>PPARγ</i>, <i>PDK4</i>, <i>KCNQ1</i>, <i>SCD1</i>, <i>PDX1</i>, <i>FTO</i> and <i>PEG3</i> in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 25 patients diagnosed with only T2D, 9 patients diagnosed with T2D and MetS and 11 control subjects without any metabolic disorders.</p><p>Results</p><p>No significant differences in gene-specific methylation between patients and controls were observed, although a trend towards significance was observed for <i>PEG3</i>. Differential methylation was observed between the groups in 4 out of the 42 single CpG loci located in the promoters regions of the genes <i>FTO</i>, <i>KCNJ11</i>, <i>PPARγ</i> and <i>PDK4</i>. A trend towards a positive correlation was observed for <i>PEG3</i> methylation with HDL cholesterol levels.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>Altered levels of DNA methylation in PBLs of specific loci might serve as a biomarker for T2D or MetS, although further investigation is required.</p>