Statistical moments for the Kuramoto model.

<p>(a) Plot of the synchronization parameter <i>r</i> as a function of the coupling strength <i>K</i>. The effect of the perturbation is to shift the critical value of <i>K</i>, with an increasing effect for higher perturbation levels. (b) The variance is shown to diverge when approaching the transition. When approaching from higher values of <i>K</i> the effect of the perturbation is to soften the curve, enhancing the EW. The inset shows a detailed view of the beginning of the divergence, where we can see that for <i>K</i> > <i>K</i>_<i>C</i> the slope of the curve is smoother as the perturbation increases. (c) The skewness shows a dramatic change before and after the transition; for values of <i>K</i> before the CP its behavior is soft enough to consider it a good EW, and the same can be said for the kurtosis shown in (d).