AA3 reduces Th17 cell differentiation.

<p>(A) We stimulated T helper cells isolated from naïve mice with TGF-β and IL-6, followed by IL-23 and PGE2, in the presence or absence of AA3 in order to differentiate them into Th17 cells. We analyzed IL-17–positive cells by flow cytometry after intracellular staining for IFN-γ and IL-17. Cells without AA3 treatment were used as a control. Representative cytograms are shown. (B) Histograms of the percentages of CD4+ IL-17⁺ IFN-γ⁻ and CD4⁺ IL-17⁻ IFN-γ⁺ cells obtained from the experiment conducted in (A). (C) We stimulated T helper cells with IL-23 to induce IL-17 cell expansion in the presence or absence of AA3. We quantified IL-17 levels in the culture media by ELISA and determined the numbers of viable and non-viable cells by Trypan Blue staining. Data are mean ± SEM (<i>n</i> = 3 per treatment group); *<i>p</i> < 0.05, one-way ANOVA.