Can remote infrared cameras be used to differentiate small, sympatric mammal species? A case study of the black-tailed dusky antechinus, <i>Antechinus arktos</i> and co-occurring small mammals in southeast Queensland, Australia

<div><p>The black-tailed dusky antechinus (<i>Antechinus arktos</i>) is an endangered, small carnivorous marsupial endemic to Australia, which occurs at low population density along with abundant sympatric populations of other small mammals: <i>Antechinus stuartii</i>, <i>Rattus fuscipes</i> and <i>Melomys cervinipes</i>. Using <i>A</i>. <i>arktos</i> as a model species, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared digital camera traps for detecting and differentiating small mammals and to comment on the broad applicability of this methodology. We also sought to understand how the detection probabilities of our target species varied over time and characterize their activity patterns. We installed 11 infrared cameras at one of only three known sites where <i>A</i>. <i>arktos</i> occurs for five consecutive deployments. Cameras were fixed to wooden stakes and oriented vertically, 35 cm above ground, directly facing bait containers. Using this method, we successfully recorded and identified individuals from all four species of small mammal known previously in the area from live trapping, including <i>A</i>. <i>arktos</i>. This validates the effectiveness of the infrared camera type and orientation for small mammal studies. Periods of activity for all species were highly coincident, showing a strong peak in activity during the same two-hour period immediately following sunset. <i>A</i>. <i>arktos</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>stuartii</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>cervinipes</i> also displayed a strong negative linear relationship between detection probability and days since deployment. This is an important finding for camera trapping generally, indicating that routine camera deployment lengths (of one-to-two weeks) between baiting events may be too long when targeting some small mammals.</p>