Tailored Carbon Anodes Derived from Biomass for Sodium-Ion Storage

Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as an alternative energy storage system for lithium-ion batteries because of the abundance and low cost of sodium. Various carbon-based anode materials have been investigated in order to improve sodium battery performance and cycle life. In this study, because of its abundance and high porosity, pistachio shell was selected as the primary carbon source, and carbonization temperatures ranged from 700 to 1500 °C. Pistachio shell carbonized at 1000 °C resulted in a highly amorphous structure with specific surface area 760.9 m² g^–1 and stable cycle performance (225 mA h g^–1 at 10 mA g^–1). Our initial results obtained from carbonized pistachio shell suggest that sufficient electrochemical performance may be obtained from biowaste materials, offering new pathways for sustainable electro-mobility and other battery applications