Exploring virulence and immunogenicity in the emerging pathogen <i>Sporothrix brasiliensis</i>

<div><p>Sporotrichosis is a polymorphic chronic infection of humans and animals classically acquired after traumatic inoculation with soil and plant material contaminated with <i>Sporothrix</i> spp. propagules. An alternative and successful route of transmission is bites and scratches from diseased cats, through which <i>Sporothrix</i> yeasts are inoculated into mammalian tissue. The development of a murine model of subcutaneous sporotrichosis mimicking the alternative route of transmission is essential to understanding disease pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. To explore the impact of horizontal transmission in animals (e.g., cat-cat) and zoonotic transmission on <i>Sporothrix</i> fitness, the left hind footpads of BALB/c mice were inoculated with 5×10⁶ yeasts (n = 11 <i>S</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i>, n = 2 <i>S</i>. <i>schenckii</i>, or n = 1 <i>S</i>. <i>globosa</i>). Twenty days post-infection, our model reproduced both the pathophysiology and symptomology of sporotrichosis with suppurating subcutaneous nodules that progressed proximally along lymphatic channels. Across the main pathogenic members of the <i>S</i>. <i>schenckii</i> clade, <i>S</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> was usually more virulent than <i>S</i>. <i>schenckii</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>globosa</i>. However, the virulence in <i>S</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> was strain-dependent, and we demonstrated that highly virulent isolates disseminate from the left hind footpad to the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain of infected animals, inducing significant and chronic weight loss (losing up to 15% of their body weight). The weight loss correlated with host death between 2 and 16 weeks post-infection. Histopathological features included necrosis, suppurative inflammation, and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. Immunoblot using specific antisera and homologous exoantigen investigated the humoral response. Antigenic profiles were isolate-specific, supporting the hypothesis that different <i>Sporothrix</i> species can elicit a heterogeneous humoral response over time, but cross reaction was observed between <i>S</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>schenckii</i> proteomes. Despite great diversity in the immunoblot profiles, antibodies were mainly derived against 3-carboxymuconate cyclase, a glycoprotein oscillating between 60 and 70 kDa (gp60-gp70) and a 100-kDa molecule in nearly 100% of the assays. Thus, our data broaden the current view of virulence and immunogenicity in the <i>Sporothrix</i>-sporotrichosis system, substantially expanding the possibilities for comparative genomic with isolates bearing divergent virulence traits and helping uncover the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary pressures underpinning the emergence of <i>Sporothrix</i> virulence.</p>