Additional file 5: Figure S4. of Recent urbanization in China is correlated with a Westernized microbiome encoding increased virulence and antibiotic resistance genes

Differences in microbial diversity based on 16S rRNA sequencing are driven by differences in evenness and are opposite differences in richness. Comparison of (A) inverse Simpson diversity index, (B) richness, or (C) evenness for each taxonomic level, based on 16S rRNA sequencing. P values indicate the significance of the difference between urban and rural subjects. Microbial composition was determined using RDP (phylum-genus) or AbundantOTU+ (OTU). (TIFF 34218Â kb