CX3CL1 is induced by IFN-γ in IECs, upregulated in IECs of patients with active CD and the secreted CX3CL1 accumulates at the basal membrane.

<p><b>(A-B)</b> CX3CL1 mRNA levels in IECs of controls (CTR), patients with active CD (Active CD) and patients with inactive CD (Treated CD). <b>(C)</b> Immunohistochemical staining of duodenal mucosa of one of three CD patients with active disease (Active CD) and one of three controls (Control) with anti-CX3CL1 mAb (anti-CX3CL1) and polyclonal antibodies to its receptor CX3CR1 (anti-CX3CR1). Note staining for CX3CL1 of IECs and the basal lamina and CXC3R1⁺cells located juxtaposed to the epithelium in active CD. <b>(D)</b> CX3CL1 mRNA levels monolayers incubated for 4 h, 24 h and 72 h with IFN-γ (IFN-γ) or sham-treated (CTR). <b>(E)</b> CX3CL1 mRNA levels in short-term enteroid cultures incubated for 24 h with IFN-γ or IL-17A or sham-treated (CTR). For methods and statistics used see legends to Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185025#pone.0185025.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185025#pone.0185025.g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185025#sec006" target="_blank">Material and methods</a>.