Cell viability and pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production of STG.

<p>To determine cytotoxicity, murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were exposed to PBS buffer, LPS purified from <i>S</i>. <i>typhimurium</i>, FKC, wild-type bacterial cells (ST) and NaOH-induced STG, respectively (bars). At 24 h post-exposure, macrophages were collected for analysis of cell viability using Cell counting Kit-8. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm and all experiments were performed in triplicate. Cytotoxic activity is expressed as the percentage of cell viability by the formula described in Materials and Methods. At given time post‐exposure with PBS buffer, LPS purified from <i>S</i>. <i>typhimurium</i>, FKC, ST and STG, respectively (bars), macrophages were collected for analysis of mRNA expression for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and factor (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, iNOS, IL‐6 and IL‐10) using RT-qPCR. Data are representative of triplicate experiments with each sample run in triplicate. All statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA using SPSS software (version 14.0) and data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. *** = <i>P</i> < 0.001; ** = <i>P</i> < 0.01; * = <i>P</i> < 0.05 (significant difference from PBS) and ### = <i>P</i> < 0.001; ## = <i>P</i> < 0.01; # = <i>P</i> < 0.05 (significant difference from LPS).