Daptomycin–Phosphatidylglycerol Domains in Lipid Membranes

Daptomycin is an acidic, 13-amino acid, cyclic polypeptide that contains a number of nonproteinogenic residues and is modified at its N-terminus with a decanoyl chain. It has been in clinical use since 2003 against selected drug-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Enterococcus spp</i> infections. In vitro, daptomycin is active against Gram-positive pathogens at low concentrations but its antibiotic activity depends critically on the presence of calcium ions. This dependence has been thought to arise from binding of one or two Ca²⁺ ions to daptomycin as a required step in its interaction with the bacterial membrane. Here, we investigated the interaction of daptomycin with giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG). We used fluorescence confocal microscopy to monitor binding of the peptide to GUVs and follow its effect on the membrane of the vesicle. We found that in the absence of POPG or Ca²⁺ daptomycin does not bind measurably to the lipid membrane. In the presence of 20–30% PG in the membrane and 2 mM Ca²⁺, daptomycin induces the formation of membrane domains rich in acidic lipids. This effect is not induced by Ca²⁺ alone. In addition, daptomycin causes GUV collapse, but it does not translocate across the membrane to the inside of intact POPC/POPG vesicles. We conclude that pore formation is probably not the mechanism by which the peptide functions. On the other hand, we found that daptomycin coclusters with the anionic phospholipid POPG and the fluorescent probes used, leading to extensive formation of daptomycin–POPG domains in the membrane