The effects of ESPs on IEC cell signaling.

<p>(A) Western blot analyses of differentiated Caco-2 cells exposed to <i>G</i>. <i>intestinalis</i> ESPs through a Transwell insert for 2h or 6h in the absence of inflammatory stimuli (e.g. lipopolysaccharides or tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Blots were probed for total proteins (phosphorylated/non-phosphorylated forms) of mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs, ERK1/2 and P38) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB). (B) Western blot analyses after the induction of inflammation with LPS and TNF-alpha.