Adduction muscles of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus.

<p>All muscles directly inserting on the upper pharyngeal jaws are listed, even though some do not adduct against the neurocranium, as they influence deformation and stress. The <i>levator externus 4</i> and <i>levator posterior</i> are listed, as they adduct the lower pharyngeal jaw against the upper pharyngeal jaws.