Crown ethers at the aqueous solution–air interface: 1. Assignments and surface spectroscopy

The surface of aqueous solutions of 4-Nitro Benzo-15-Crown-5 (NB15C5) and Benzo-15-Crown-5 (B15C5) has been studied using the surface sensitive technique vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). The NO, CN, COC and CH vibrational modes of these compounds at the air–water interface as well as OH vibrational modes of the surface water hydrating this compound have been targeted in order to obtain molecular information about arrangement and conformation of the adsorbed crown ether molecules at the air–water interface. The CH2 vibrational modes of crown ethers have been identified and found to be split due to interaction with ether oxygen. The spectra provide evidence for the existence of a protonated crown complex moiety at the surface leading to the appearance of strongly ordered water species. The interfacial water species are influenced by the resulting charged interface and by the strong Zundel polarizability due to tunneling of the proton species between equivalent sites within the crown rin