Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease : A clinical and histopathological study

Fatty liver has previously often been associated with excessive alcohol consumption. During the last two decades, the interest in fatty liver occurring in non-drinkers i.e. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased dramatically. Today, NAFLD is considered as the most common liver disease in the developed world. It is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Thus, NAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The spectrum of NAFLD includes: simple fatty liver without necroinflammatory activity; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition characterised by hepatocellular injury, inflammation, and fibrosis; cirrhosis; and in some individuals hepatocellular carcinoma. The degree of steatosis in liver biopsies is usually assessed by a morphological semiquantitative approach in which the pathologist uses a four-graded scale: 0–3 or none, slight, moderate and severe. In this thesis we show that there is a considerable inter- and intraindividual variation in such scoring methods and that a more standardised and quantitative approach is preferable. The area/volume of fat in liver biopsies is greatly overestimated when assessed semiquantitatively. Moreover, the point counting technique has a better reproducibility than visual evaluation and should be preferred in estimates of liver steatosis. The long-term clinical and histopathological course of 129 consecutively enrolled NAFLD patients was studied. Mean follow-up (SD) was 13.7 (1.3) years. Survival of NASH patients was reduced compared with a matched reference population. These subjects more often died from cardiovascular and liver-related causes. Seven patients (5.4%) developed end-stage liver disease, including 3 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Most NAFLD patients will develop diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance in the long term. Progression of liver fibrosis is associated with more pronounced insulin resistance and significant weight gain. During follow-up, 17 patients had been prescribed a statin. At follow-up, patients on medication with statins had significantly higher BMI. Diabetes was significantly more common among patients on medication with statins and they had significantly more pronounced insulin resistance. However, they exhibited a significant reduction of liver steatosis at follow-up as opposed to patients not taking statins. Although patients under statin treatment exhibited a high risk profile for progression of liver fibrosis, only four patients on statin treatment progressed in fibrosis stage. It is concluded that statins can be prescribed safely in patients with elevated liver enzymes because of NAFLD. Alcohol consumption was evaluated with a validated questionnaire combined with an oral interview. In a multivariate analysis moderate alcohol consumption, particularly when frequency of heavy episodic drinking was analysed, consistent with the diagnosis of NAFLD to be set, was independently associated with fibrosis progression in NAFLD. The NAFLD activity score (NAS) is a newly proposed system to grade the necroinflammatory activity in liver biopsies of NAFLD patients. We evaluated the usefulness of the NAS in predicting clinical deterioration and fibrosis progression in our cohort of NAFLD patients. Although the NAS was independently associated with future risk of progressive fibrosis in NAFLD, the clinical usefulness of the score was limited due to significant overlap in clinical development between NAS-score groups