TRAF6 promotes TGF beta-induced invasion and cell-cycle regulation via Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of Lys178 in TGF beta type I receptor

Transforming growth factor (TGF) can act either as a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. High levels of TGF are found in prostate cancer tissues and correlate with poor patient prognosis. We recently identified a novel TGF-regulated signaling cascade in which TGF type I receptor (TRI) is activated by the E3 ligase TNF-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) via the Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TRI. TRAF6 also contributes to activation of TNF--converting enzyme and presenilin-1, resulting in the proteolytic cleavage of TRI and releasing the intracellular domain of TRI, which is translocated to the nucleus to promote tumor invasiveness. In this report, we provide evidence that Lys178 of TRI is polyubiquitinated by TRAF6. Moreover, our data suggest that TRAF6-mediated Lys63-linked ubiquitination of the TRI intracellular domain is a prerequisite for TGF regulation of mRNA for cyclin D1 (CCND1), expression, as well as for the regulation of other genes controlling the cell cycle, differentiation, and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells