The role of coupled gating of L-type calcium channels in arrhythmogenesis in Timothy syndrome (LQT8)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2012L-type Ca<super>2+</super> (Ca_V1.2) channels shape the cardiac action potential waveform and are essential for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in the heart. We find that a transient subpopulation of 2 to 6 Ca_V1.2 channels gate concertedly via a novel coupled gating modality. In the presence of the scaffolding protein AKAP150: PKC&alpha, calmodulin inhibition, and the G406R mutation that causes Timothy syndrome (TS), also known as long QT syndrome type 8 (LQT8), increase the probability of coupled gating. As for the mechanism of coupled gating, we propose that Ca_V1.2 channels interact with each other via their carboxy tails when calmodulin is dislodged from the IQ domain, and coupled gating requires AKAP150 to bind to the Ca_V1.2 carboxy tails via its leucine zipper domain and to act as a scaffold. To study further the role of coupled gating and AKAP150 in arrhythmogenesis in LQT8, we created a LQT8 transgenic mouse expressing cardiac-specific Ca_V1.2-LQT8-tRFP channels. Importantly, we then crossed these LQT8 transgenics with AKAP150<super>-/-</super> mice, and the LQT8/ AKAP150<super>-/-</super> mice show a rescue of the wild-type (WT) phenotype. Compared to WT and LQT8/ AKAP150<super>-/-</super> ventricular myocytes, LQT8 ventricular myocytes have delayed inactivation in whole-cell I_Ca, and there is increased frequency in coupled gating and open time in cell-attached i_Ca. These myocytes also have prolonged action potential duration and arrhythmogenic voltage fluctuations, such as early and delayed afterdepolarizations. With respect to EC coupling, LQT8 ventricular myocytes have increased [Ca<super>2+</super>] transient amplitudes and more frequent arrhythmogenic spontaneous Ca<super>2+</super> releases. On the whole animal level, LQT8 mice have prolonged QTC interval and more frequent incidence of Torsades de Pointes ventricular tachycardia than WT or LQT8/ AKAP150<super>-/-</super>. In conclusion, AKAP150 mediated coupled gating of Ca_V1.2 channels plays a central role in the pathophysiology of LQT8, causing local perturbation on EC coupling that lead to arrhythmogenesis