Why forefoot striking in minimal shoes might positively change the course of running injuries

It is believed that human ancestors evolved the ability to run bipedally approximately 2 million years ago. This form of locomotion may have been important to our survival and likely has influenced the evolution of our body form. As our bodies have adapted to run, it seems unusual that up to 79% of modern day runners are injured annually. The etiology of these injuries is clearly multifactorial. However, one aspect of running that has significantly changed over the past 50 years is the footwear we use. Modern running shoes have become increasingly cushioned and supportive, and have changed the way we run. In particular, they have altered our footstrike pattern from a predominant forefoot strike (FFS) landing to a predominant rearfoot strike (RFS) landing. This alters the way in which the body is loaded and may be contributing to the high rate of injuries runners experience, engaging in an activity they were adapted for. In this paper, we will examine the benefits of barefoot running (typically an FFS pattern), and compare the lower extremity mechanics between FFS and RFS. The implications of these mechanical differences, in terms of injury will be discussed. We will then provide evidence to support that forefoot striking provides an optimal mechanical environment for specific foot and ankle structures, such as the heel pad, the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon. The importance of footwear will then be addressed, highlighting its interaction with strike pattern on mechanics. This will underscore why footwear matters when assessing mechanics. Finally, proper preparation and safe transition to an FFs pattern in minimal shoes will be emphasized. Through the discussion of the current literature, we will develop a justification for returning to running in the way we were adapted for in order to reduce running-related injuries.\ud Keywords\ud \ud Footstrike pattern; Minimal footwear; Running; Running injury; Running mechanics; Tissue mechanic