Neurovascular anatomy of the sacrospinous ligament region in female cadavers: Implications in sacrospinous ligament fixation

Objective: The objective of the study was to further characterize the anatomy of the coccygeus muscle\u96sacrospinous ligament (C-SSL) complex and to correlate the findings with sacrospinous ligament fixations (SSLF). Study Design Dissections were performed in 21 female cadavers. Results: In all dissections, nerves originating from S3, S4, S5, or a combination passed over the anterior surface of the C-SSL at its midsegment, and either the pudendal or third sacral nerve coursed on the superior border of C-SSL at its midpoint. In 100% of specimens, the internal pudendal artery (IPA) passed behind or just medial to the ischial spine. The average distance of the inferior gluteal artery (IGA) from the ischial spine and the superior border of the C-SSL was 24.2 (range, 15-35) mm and 3.4 (range, 1-5) mm, respectively. Conclusion: Nerves to the coccygeus and levator ani coursed over the midportion of the C-SSL where SSLF sutures are placed. The pudendal nerve and IGA were in proximity to the superior border of the C-SSL at its midportion, whereas the IPA passed behind the ischial spine, lateral to the recommended site for suture placement