Phase-out of leaded gasoline: approaches and prospects for Lebanon

Air pollution from urban traffic is a growing environmental problem worldwide. Emissions of lead resulting from the usage of leaded fuel are of particular concern due to associated health hazards. While many countries have accomplished or are in the process of phasing-out leaded gasoline, others continue to rely to a large extent on the use of high lead-content gasoline. Such is the case of Lebanon where the use of unleaded gasoline is hindered not only by the lack of direct governmental endorsement but also by the price difference in favour of leaded gasoline. While the phase-out of leaded gasoline is economically feasible, several measures should be undertaken for a successful transition to unleaded gasoline. This paper reviews the problem of lead addition into gasoline and the international experience in its phase-out. Policy measures and technical considerations for a successful transition to unleaded gasoline are described. Available data for Lebanon about the vehicle fleet characteristics, gasoline consumption and quality as well as lead emissions and concentrations in various environments are presented. This information forms the basis for developing a phase-out action plan outlining the interrelation and responsibilities of various agencies as well as measures to be adopted for a successful phase-out process