TGF-beta1 regulates the inflammatory response during chronic neurodegeneration

The ME7 model of murine prion disease shows an atypical inflammatory response characterized by morphologically activated microglia and an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile with a marked expression of TGF?1. The investigation of the role of TGF?1 during a time course disease shows that its expression is correlated with (i) the onset of behavioral abnormalities, (ii) increased activated microglia, (iii) thickening of the basement membrane, and (iv) is associated with increased PrPsc deposition. Increasing TGF?1 using an adenoviral vector has no significant impact on prion-associated behavioral impairments or on neuropathology. In contrast, inhibition of TGF?1 activity using an adenovirus expressing decorin induces severe cerebral inflammation, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and acute neuronal death in prion-diseased animals only. These data suggest that TGF?1 plays a critical role in the downregulation of microglial responses minimizing brain inflammation and thus avoiding exacerbation of brain damag