Parental transmission of smoking among middle-aged and older populations in Russia and Belarus.

OBJECTIVES: The very high rates of smoking among men and the rapid changes among women in the Post-Soviet countries mean that this region offers an opportunity to understand better the intergenerational role of parental influences on smoking. METHODS: In this study, we exploit a unique data set, the PrivMort cohort study conducted in 30 Russian and 20 Belarusian towns in 2014-2015, which collects information on behaviours of middle-aged and older individuals and their parents, including smoking. We explored the associations between smoking by parents and their offspring using multiply imputed data sets and multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regressions. RESULTS: Adjusting for a wide array of social origin, socio-demographic, and socio-economic variables, our analysis suggests that sons of regularly smoking fathers have prevalence ratios of 1.35 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.21-1.50] and 1.39 (CI 1.23-1.58) of smoking, while the figures for daughters of regularly smoking mothers are 1.91 (CI 1.40-2.61) and 2.30 (CI 1.61-3.28), respectively, in Russia and Belarus. CONCLUSIONS: Intergenerational paternal and maternal influences on smoking should be taken into account in studies seeking to monitor the rates of smoking and the impact of tobacco control programmes