Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management

This is the final version of the article. Available from MDPI via the DOI in this record.Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world, and it causes substantial physical and functional impact. It produces a myriad of gastrointestinal, neurologic and/or cardiovascular symptoms which last days to weeks, or even months. Although there are reports of symptom amelioration with some interventions (e.g. IV mannitol), the appropriate treatment for CFP remains unclear to many physicians. We review the literature on the treatments for CFP, including randomized controlled studies and anecdotal reports. The article is intended to clarify treatment options, and provide information about management and prevention of CFP, for emergency room physicians, poison control information providers, other health care providers, and patients.This publication was made possible through the National Science Foundation (NSF) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Center for Oceans and Human Health (COHH) program at the University of Miami (NSF 0CE0432368; NIEHS P50 ES12736), as well as with funding from the Florida Dept of Health Aquatic Toxins Program and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)