PLoS One

IntroductionNodding Syndrome (NS), an unexplained illness characterized by spells of head bobbing, has been reported in Sudan and Tanzania, perhaps as early as 1962. Hypothesized causes include sorghum consumption, measles, and onchocerciasis infection. In 2009, a couple thousand cases were reportedly in Northern Uganda.MethodsIn December 2009, we identified cases in Kitgum District. The case definition included persons who were previously developmentally normal who had nodding. Cases, further defined as 5- to 15-years-old with an additional neurological deficit, were matched to village controls to assess risk factors and test biological specimens. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations.ResultsSurveillance identified 224 cases; most (95%) were 5\ue2\u20ac\u201c15-years-old (range\ue2\u20ac\u160=\ue2\u20ac\u1602\ue2\u20ac\u201c27). Cases were reported in Uganda since 1997. The overall prevalence was 12 cases per 1,000 (range by parish\ue2\u20ac\u160=\ue2\u20ac\u1600\uc2\ub76\ue2\u20ac\u201c46). The case-control investigation (n\ue2\u20ac\u160=\ue2\u20ac\u16049 case/village control pairs) showed no association between NS and previously reported measles; sorghum was consumed by most subjects. Positive onchocerciasis serology [age-adjusted odds ratio (AOR1)\ue2\u20ac\u160=\ue2\u20ac\u16014\uc2\ub74 (2\uc2\ub77, 78\uc2\ub73)], exposure to munitions [AOR1\ue2\u20ac\u160=\ue2\u20ac\u16013\uc2\ub79 (1\uc2\ub74, 135\uc2\ub73)], and consumption of crushed roots [AOR1\ue2\u20ac\u160=\ue2\u20ac\u1605\uc2\ub74 (1\uc2\ub73, 22\uc2\ub71)] were more likely in cases. Vitamin B6 deficiency was present in the majority of cases (84%) and controls (75%).ConclusionNS appears to be increasing in Uganda since 2000 with 2009 parish prevalence as high as 46 cases per 1,000 5- to 15-year old children. Our results found no supporting evidence for many proposed NS risk factors, revealed association with onchocerciasis, which for the first time was examined with serologic testing, and raised nutritional deficiencies and toxic exposures as possible etiologies