Evaluation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens effects on monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis: expression of surface molecules, lymphoproliferation and secretion of cytokines

INTRODUÇÃO: A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) induz uma resposta imune tipo Th1 relacionada à proteção, com imunodepressão antígeno-específica transitória. As células dendríticas (DCs) são as mais potentes apresentadoras de antígeno, porém, pouco se sabe sobre seu papel na PCM humana e sobre os efeitos do fungo em suas funções. OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos in vitro de antígenos de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (P. brasiliensis) sobre as DCs derivadas de monócitos de pacientes com PCM. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 27 pacientes com PCM ativa (PA; com diagnóstico micológico, histopatológico ou títulos de anticorpos anti-P. brasiliensis >= 32) e 31 pacientes com PCM tratada (PT; anticorpos anti-P. brasiliensis com títulos = 32) and 31 treated PCM (PT; antibody titles <= 4 on two samples within six months, and proved disease in the past by the same criteria of active PCM) and from 39 non-PCM subjects (CO; non-sensitized to P. brasiliensis antigens and without anti-fungal antigens antibodies) were included in this study and DCs were generated from peripheral blood monocytes with IL-4 and GM-CSF. Differentiated DCs were treated with TNF-alfa (DC+TNF) or left untreated (nDC) and then stimulated with P. brasiliensis antigens: 43 kDa glycoprotein (gp43) at 2 and 5 ug/mL (Gp2 and Gp5), and the cell-free antigen at 15 ug/mL (CFA). Surface molecules CD11c, CD1a, HLA-DR, CD85, CD80 and DC-SIGN were analyzed by flow cytometry and the cytokines IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-1beta and CCL18 were assayed by ELISA. DCs were cocultured with autologous lymphocytes: lymphoproliferation was measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine and the cytokines IL-10, IL-4, IFN-y and TNF-alfa were also assayed by ELISA. RESULTS: DCs from PA and PT groups showed similar expression of CD11c and CD1a to those of CO group. On the PT group, Gp5 induced higher expression of HLA-DR when compared to PA and CFA increased the percentage of CD86+ DCs. When stimulated with CFA, TNF-alfa -treated DCs from the PT group secreted large amounts of IL-12p40. This antigen also induced strong proliferation of autologous lymphocytes on both PA and PT groups in comparison to CO group and to unstimulated cells. Both DCs with CFA and DCs with gp43 induced high levels of IL-10 and IL-4 on the PA and PT groups, respectively. On the other hand, only DCs with CFA and not those with gp43 were able to induce high levels of IFN-y and TNF-alfa. CONCLUSIONS: CFA-stimulated DCs from treated PCM showed high expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and DC-SIGN, increased levels of IL-12p40 and low levels of IL-10. DCs from patients with active disease have expression of surface molecules similar to those of non-PCM subjects, with low levels of IL-12p40 and IL-10. Gp43 induced low lymphoproliferation and decreased levels of IFN-y and TNF-alfa in the cocultures of DC and autologous lymphocytes from PT and PA groups. CFA was more efficient than gp43 on stimulating DCs to induce proliferation of autologous lymphocytes with increased secretion of IFN-y and TNF-alfa on both PT and PA cells but not on CO. These results combined with constant levels of IL-10 and high amounts of IL-12p40 suggest that CFA may be a better inducer of Th1 immune response and a suitable target for future researches on epitopes candidates for anti-P. brasiliensis dendritic cell-based vaccine