Amphoras from Cibalae

Rad je osvrt na tipove amfora iz Vinkovaca (Cibalae) na osnovi objavljenog materijala iz starijih istraživanja i neobjavljenog materijala sa četiri lokaliteta koji su smješteni uz jugoistočni dio foruma Cibala. Ustanovljeno je devet tipova amfora: Lamboglia 2, Dressel 2-4, Camulodunum 184, Forlimpopoli, Dressel 6B, Dressel 20, Schörgendorfer 558, Camulodunum 189 i Beltran I.The aim of the paper is typological analysis of amphorae based on the published material from former excavations, and the material from four protection excavations in Vinkovci (Cibalae), which has never been published. Protection excavations were done at the localities situated next to each other and connected with each other (Figure 1.), alongside the south-eastern part of the forum of Cibalae. The localities were excavated at di?erent times during the construction and renewal of certain objects and were named after the buildings. The locality named Vinkovci - Museum was excavated in 1994 during the work in the cellar of the City Museum of Vinkovci; the locality Vinkovci - Šokadija in 1990; the locality Vinkovci - Varteks in 1982; and the locality Vinkovci - Komercijalna Banka in 1973. The excavations were conducted by Ivana Iskra - Janošić, PhD, employed with the City Museum of Vinkovci. Amphorae from Cibalae have only been published in the syntheses dealing with pottery or amphorae in Pannonia. Olga Brukner’s synthesis on the Roman pottery of Pannonia Inferior is the source of the first information on amphorae. Recently, Bezecky and Kelemen have mainly adopted the ideas of Olga Brukner in their several syntheses. According to these data, all the knowledge of the amphorae Lamboglia 2, Dressel 20, and Beltran I is available from former excavations only. Amphorae Dressel 6B and Dressel 2 - 4 were documented in former excavations and confirmed in the new ones. Amphorae Camulodunum 184, Schörgendorfer 558, and Camulodunum 189, and Forlimpopoli were first documented during the excavations of the locality next to the south-eastern part of the forum of Cibalae. Synthesising the present knowledge on amphorae from Vinkovci it is possible to conclude that Cibalae had commercial relations with di?erent parts of the Roman Empire. The goods from the Mediterranean reached Pannonia via Aquileia, and further inland to Siscia. From Siscia the goods could reach Cibalae by the Sava and Bosut Rivers, and by land. Wine came from Italy already in the late Republican Lamboglia 2 amphorae, and in Dressel 2 - 4 amphorae, starting in mid 1st century and in the second half of the 1st century. This is the time when wine was transported from Aegae in the so-called Rhodian amphorae. In the second century wine from the west Adriatic coast vineyards was transported in Forlimpopoli type of amphorae. Olive oil from the peninsula of Istria was transported to Cibalae as noted by a number of Dressel 6B type of amphorae there. The quality Istrian oil covered the needs of Noricum and Pannonia until the end of Hadrian’s rule. When Istrian workshop stopped the production, olive oil was imported from Baetica in Dressel 20 amphorae. In 2nd century preserved black olives were transported in Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae. Dried fruit, mainly dates and figs, were brought in small Camulodunum 189 amphorae. In the course of 1st century until mid 2nd century the best quality garum or liquamen was transported from Spain in Beltran I amphorae. Based on the data, the amphorae found by now in Cibalae can be dated between mid 1st century and the beginning of 3rd century. The later types of amphorae have not been documented yet. This survey tries to reconstruct the picture of trade and economy in Cibalae using the data about amphorae. We confirmed the former data on amphorae in Vinkovci, and added new knowledge to them. As we do not have enough data yet to make new conclusions, this work can be considered an introduction to the study of the significant archaeological issue