Traveling agents : political change and bureaucratic turnover in India

We develop a framework to empirically examine how politicians with electoral pressures control bureaucrats with career concerns, and the consequent implications for bureaucrats' career investments. Unique micro-level data on Indian bureaucrats support our key predictions. Politicians use frequent reassignments (transfers) across posts of varying importance to control bureaucrats. High-skilled bureaucrats face less frequent political transfers and lower variability in the importance of their posts. We find ev- idence of two alternative paths to career success: officers of higher initial ability are more likely to invest in skill, but caste affinity to the politician's party base also helps secure important positions