Conflicting grammatical appearances

I explore one apparent source of conflict between our naive view of grammatical properties and the best available scientific view of grammatical properties. That source is the modal dependence of the range of naive, or manifest, grammatical properties that is available to a speaker upon the configurations and operations of their internal systems-that is, upon scientific grammatical properties. Modal dependence underwrites the possibility of conflicting grammatical appearances. In response to that possibility, I outline a compatibilist strategy, according to which the range of grammatical properties accessible to a speaker is dependent upon their cognitive apparatus, but the properties so accessible are also mind-independent