Effect of neurofeedback training on golf putting performance

[[abstract]]Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether frontal midline theta (Fmθ) neurofeedback training (NFT) improves golf putting performance as well as self-reported measures of performance-related mental states. An idiographic, single-subject, multiple baselines, across-subjects design was employed. The rationale for such an approach was largely centered upon the work of Patrick and Hrycaiko (1998), who indicated that single-subject designs were the most appropriate methodology for applied research. Methods: The participants in this study were three male elite golfers who were asked to complete eleven sessions, ten putts per session, of putting performance. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), Social Validation Assessment, and Practical Assessment Questionnaire were assessed before and after NFT intervention for each participant. Results: The results showed that all three participants improved in their putting performance and experienced highly focused and self-control after NFT intervention. Fmθ and attention-related cortical signatures were not different before and after NFT. Conclusion: It may thus be deduced that NFT intervention benefits athletic performance. However, Fmθ and attention-related cortical activities were not changed after NFT intervention. Therefore, the mechanism of performance enhancement via NFT is still remained a question. Here suggests that future research of NFT should be devoted to the clarification of the underlying mechanism of the effect through NFT and the application of practical sport field.