[[alternative]]The study of school effectiveness, parental expectancy and involvement in elementary schooling

[[abstract]]This study aims to explore the relations among three factors, i.e. school effectiveness, parental expectancy of education and involvement in elementary schooling. The differences of education expectancy from parents with various backgrounds, and those of roles played in parental involvement in school education are also included in the analysis of this study. This study adopts research methodologies of literature review, questionnaire survey, and interview. The survey subjects mainly include homeroom teachers and parents from both public and private primary schools in Taiwan Province, Taipei City, and Kaohsiung City, namely, 111 public schools and 10 private schools, from which 756 teachers and 3024 parents are sampled. Furthermore, 3 persons are selected respectively from the groups of teachers, parents, and school principals as interview subjects. The research data acquired is analyzed by SPSS/ 10.0 Chinese version based on the research purpose and question, and quantified data is explored through ANOVA, examining variations in different research subject variables. Scheffé method is used for post-comparison to examine the interrelations among each subject groups. Besides, canonical correlation is applied in this study to understand the interrelations among the three aspects of education expectancy from parents, parental involvement in schooling, and school effectiveness. Further exploration on the issue is made through the interviews. According to the analysis and discussion of the study results, the conclusions are as follows: 1. Parents generally hold high education expectancy. 2. The higher social and economic status the parents have, the higher education expectancy they hold towards their children. 3. Positive parental participation in schooling helps elevate school effectiveness. 4. Information-receivers constitute the largest percentage in parental participation; whereas policy-makers the smallest. 5. Despite the wildly-spread concept of parental participation, there is still room for improvement in the actual participation. 6. Parents with higher social and economic status take a more active attitude and approach towards parental participation. 7. Teachers’ awareness of parental expectancy and involvement in schooling is lower than current situations. 8. Time is the key factor in parental participation. 9. Senior teachers have better awareness of school effectiveness. 10. Positive correlation exists among parental expectancy, parental involvement in schooling, and school effectiveness. 11. Properly-formulated strategies help increase the willingness of parental participation in schooling. Based on the above conclusions, the following suggestions are provided for administrative authorities and schools as references to help improve parental involvement in primary schooling and school effectiveness. 1. Suggestions for administrative authorities (1) Make acts of parental participation in schooling, encouraging active participation of parents in school education. (2) Strengthen the system of teacher development and the measures of in-service education, developing teachers with correct educational concepts and passion. (3) Promote reorganization of public schools and the established by the government and operated by private institution module, expanding the effects of parental involvement. (4) Pass an act of one-day break for parents to participate in schooling, reinforcing parental involvement. 2. Suggestions for schools (1) Strengthen moral education to satisfy parental concern for their children’s personal relation development. (2) Make best use of parents’ high education expectancy to increase the willingness of parental participation and school effectiveness. (3) Place a contract with parents, stating every right and liability related to school education that parents and students should have. (4) Hold activities for parental growth and student achievement presentation to increase willingness of parental participation. 3. Suggestions for parents (1) Develop appropriate education expectancy, and continuously justify it based on children’s actual performance. (2) Reinforce parental organization, and help form the correct concept of parental participation in schooling. (3) Expanding accesses and aspects for parental involvement.