Sovjetski politični vici in njihove funkcije

Sovjetski politični vici in njihove funkcije Pričujoča magitrska naloga je posvečena v strokovnih razpravah pogosto spregledanemu, a zelo razširjenemu pojavu sovjetske družbe - političnim vicem. Čeprav vice najpogosteje povezujemo s prostim časom in razvedrilom, imajo lahko politični vici tudi številne druge funkcije, ki so prišle še posebej do izraza v družbenem okolju sovjetskega (real)socializma, ki sta ga med drugim zaznamovala izrazita cenzura in poenoten politični diskurz, nad katerim je imela monopol sovjetska oblast, koncentrirana v rokah Komunistične partije. Politični vici so v takšnem okolju predstavljali še veliko več kot smeh in sprostitev: bili so način alternativnega osmišljanja in presojanja družbeno-političnega dogajanja v Sovjetski zvezi, neuradnega oziroma "podtalnega" kanala za komunikacijo in širjenje neuradnih informacij o političnih temah, oblika politične kritike, omogočali so sproščanje agresivnih misli, čustev in frustracij v zvezi s sovjetskim sistemom v okolju, ko so bile večini ljudi možnosti za verbalno ali fizično nasprotovanje, še manj pa aktivno reševanje problemov v sovjetski družbi, praktično onemogočene. Prav tako so lahko pomagali premagovati strah pred določenimi pojavi sovjetskega sistema ali pripomogli k lažjemu razumevanju in prilagajanju sistemu, s svojo privlačnostjo pa so lahko služili tudi preprosto kot oblika navezovanja stika s sočlovekom. Koristni so tudi kot potencialni zgodovinski vir, predvsem za razumevanje splošno razširjenih političnih mentalitet, prepričanj in stereotipov med sovjetskim prebivalstvom. Politični vici niso vedno izvrševali vseh svojih funkcij: funkcije so bile pogojene s konkretnim kontekstom, osebami in okoliščinami, v katerih so si ljudje pripovedovali politične vice. Čeprav so omogočali izražati misli in občutja, ki so odstopala od diskurza, idej in političnih praks sovjetskih oblasti, sami po sebi še niso predstavljali "orožja" za upor proti oblasti in niso mogli spreminjati obstoječe ureditve. Na družbeni ravni so služili predvsem kot "ventil" za sproščanje misli in občutij, prisotne pa so tudi vzporednice s karnevalizacijo, konceptom Mihaila Bahtina - vici so, podobno Bahtinovim opisom karnevalov, sprevračali "visoko" in "sveto" sovjetske ideologije ter ureditve, vendar le-teh niso rušili. Še več, mnogi pripovedovalci vicev so kljub smehu sovjetski sistem spoštovali ali v njem zasedali celo vplivne politične funkcije. Odnosi med politično oblastjo in govorci vicev so bili tako kompleksni ter ne nujno antagonistični. Obsežen del naloge je namenjen tudi postopnemu razvoju žanra v ruski kulturi ter spreminjajočemu se odnosu sovjetskih oblasti do političnih vicev.The following master thesis is dedicated to a phenomenon that was often overlooked in expert discussions, but widespread in Soviet society - political jokes. Although we commonly associate jokes with free time and leisure, political jokes can also perform other functions that were particularly expressed in the social environment of Soviet (real)socialism, that was marked, among other things, by explicit censorship and a unified political discourse, which was under monopoly of the Soviet authorities, concentrated in the hands of the Communist party. In such an environment, political jokes represented more than just laughter and relaxation: they were a form of alternative thinking and judging of social-political events in the Soviet Union, an unofficial or "underground" outlet for communication and spreading of unofficial information on political topics, a form of political criticism, they allowed relaxation of aggressive thoughts, feelings and frustrations in connection with the Soviet system, in an environment, where, for most people, chances for verbal or physical resistance, even less for active solving of problems in Soviet society, were practically denied. In addition to this, they could help to overcome fear toward certain phenomena of the Soviet system or helped to better understand and adapt to the system, although their attractiveness also allowed them to serve simply as a form of establishing contact with another person. They are also useful as a potencial historical source, especially for understanding widespread political mentalities, beliefs and stereotypes among the Soviet population. Political jokes did not always perform all of their functions: their functions depended on the particular context, personalities and circumstances in which people were telling each other political jokes. Although they allowed to express thoughts and feelings that deviated from discourse, ideas and political practices of the Soviet authorities, they by themselves did not yet represent a "weapon" for resistance against the authorities and could not change the existing order. On the level of society, they particularly served as a "valve" for release of thoughts and feelings. In addition to this, there are also parallels with carnivalisation, a concept of Mihail Bakhtin - jokes, similarly to Bakhtin\u27s descriptions of carnivals, flipped over the "high" and the "holy" of the Soviet ideology and order, but did not destroy them. Even more, despite the laughter, many joke tellers respected the Soviet system or even occupied influential political functions. The relations between political authority and joke tellers were therefore complex and not necessarily antagonistic. A comprehensive part of the thesis is also dedicated to the gradual development of the genre in Russian culture and the changing attitudes of the Soviet authorities towards political jokes