Abuse of people with mental disability

V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela sem najprej opredelila različne vrste zlorab, torej zanemarjanje, fizične, psihične, spolne in ekonomske zlorabe ter raziskala kako pogoste so. Pri tem sem pisala tudi o tem, zakaj so osebe z motnjami v duševnem razvoju (v nadaljevanju osebe z MDR) kar od 2 do 10-krat pogosteje žrtve kot njihovi vrstniki ter zakaj so storilci največkrat člani družine oz. osebe, ki so žrtvi blizu. Med storilci so namreč pogosto osebe, ki so povezane s skrbjo ali nego žrtve, zlorabe pa se poleg domačega okolja, dogajajo tudi v institucijah. Po drugi strani pa so institucije lahko prve, ki odkrijejo in posredujejo v primerih nasilja v družini. Nekateri izmed dejavnikov tveganja so odvisnost oseb z MDR od drugih ljudi, premalo narejenih raziskav in podatkov o zlorabah oseb z MDR, stereotipi in napačna prepričanja o osebah z MDR, različno definiranje zlorab ter redka medinstitucionalna obravnava. Posledice zlorab so za žrtve kratkotrajne in dolgotrajne ter tako fizične kot tudi psihične, na žrtvah pa se posledice lahko kažejo zelo različno. Pomembno vprašanje, na katerega sem odgovorila v teoretičnem delu je, kako bi lahko na tem področju ukrepali, da bi zmanjšali število zlorab ter kakšno vlogo imajo pri odkrivanju in pomoči žrtvam zlorab različne institucije in organizacije. V teoretičnem delu sem raziskovala še, kaj bi lahko storili za preventivo in ali se na tem področju že izvajajo kakšni preventivni ukrepi. Zanimalo me je tudi, kakšne možnosti pomoči sploh imajo žrtve zlorab z MDR in ali obstajajo strokovne službe, usposobljene za primere zlorab oseb z MDR. Za osebe z MDR je zelo pomemebno izobraževanje in učenje veščin samoodločanja, opolnomočenja in samozagovorništva, zato je del teoretičnega dela namenjen tudi področju izobraževanja in preventivnih programov. Taki programi in delavnice namreč pomagajo razumeti, kdaj gre za nasilje, kako ga uspešneje prepoznati in ugotoviti, ali so mu izpostavljeni tudi sami. Poleg tega je mladostnike z MDR potrebno ozaveščati o njihovih pravicah, kaj lahko naredijo ob morebitnih zlorabah in kakšne so možnosti preventive. Za empirični del magistrskega dela sem kot obliko preventive pripravila, izvedla in evalvirala sklop delavnic z elementi samozagovorništva in opolnomočenja za skupino mladostnikov z MDR. Delavnice so bile razdeljene na sedem srečanj z naslednjimi temami: moje teloto sem jazčustva in primerno oz. neprimerno vedenjeasertivno vedenjemoje pravicemoje telo je samo mojezlorabe in kam po pomoč. Del delavnic so torej zajemale tudi informacije, kaj storiti v primeru, ko so nekomu kršene pravice, če pride do nasilja ali zlorabe ter kaj se da storiti preventivno. S pomočjo delavnic sem tako tudi preverila, kako dobro mladostniki z MDR poznajo svoje pravice, ali vedo, kdaj so jim pravice kršene in na koga se lahko obrnejo po pomoč. S pomočjo podatkov iz empiričnega dela sem lahko tudi podkrepila teoretično raziskovanje. Zanimalo pa me je še, v kolikšni meri lahko take delavnice pomagajo mladostnikom z MDR pri ozaveščanju o svojih pravicah ter razvijanju veščin samozagovorništva in opolnomočenja.In the theoretical part of my Master\u27s thesis, I lay out the different types of abuse – namely negligence and physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse – and study the degree of their occurrence. I also focus on how persons with mental disabilities (in continuation referred to as PMD) are 2-10 times more likely than their peers to be the victims of, and why the perpetrators are most often family members or people close to the victim. The perpetrator is often someone who provides care and support to the victim. Moreover, aside from domestic sphere, cases of abuse also frequently occur in institutional environments. On the other hand, institutions are often the first to discover and intervene in cases of domestic violence. The risk factors include the dependency of PMD on other people, insufficient research data relating to the abuse of PMD, stereotypes and false convictions about PMD, varying definitions of abuse, and the lack of inter-institutional treatment. The consequences of abuse experienced by the victim can be short-term or long-term, physical or psychological, and can present themselves differently from one victim to another. An important question, which has been answered in the theoretical part of the thesis, is how we could contribute to a decreased number of abuse cases and what roles various institutions and organizations play in discovering and helping the victims of abuse. In the theoretical part, I also focus on what can be done in terms of prevention, and whether any preventive measures in relation to abuse prevention have already been put in place. Additionally, the theoretical part also studies the possibilities of helping PMD who are victims of abuse, determining whether there are any professional services competent for dealing with abuse cases in PMD. In PMD, education and the acquisition of self-determination, empowerment, and self-advocacy skills is of vital importancehence, the theoretical part also deals with the questions of education and preventive programs. Such programs and workshops help PMD understand violence, successfully recognize it, and determine whether they themselves are the victims of violence. Additionally, young PMD need to be familiarized with their rights, explained what they should do if they are subjected to abuse, and acquainted with the possibilities of prevention. For the empirical part of my thesis, I have drawn up, carried out, and evaluated a string of prevention workshops aimed at teaching young PMD about self-advocacy and empowerment. The workshops comprised seven meetings and were thematically divided according to the following topics: my body, this is me (self-perception), emotions and appropriate or inappropriate behavior, assertive behavior, my rights, my body is only mine, and abuse and where to find help. A part of the workshops, therefore, encompassed the provision of information on what to do in case someone\u27s rights are violated, in case of violence or abuse, and what can be done in terms of prevention. By means of the workshops, I was able to check how aware young PMD are of their rights, whether they know when their rights are violated, and if they know where to seek help. Using the data from the empirical part of my thesis, I can support the theoretical part of my research. I also wanted to find to what extent young PMD can benefit from such workshops in terms of getting familiarized with their rights and in terms of developing self-advocacy and empowerment skills