Speech and language characteristics of blind and visually impaired children

Slepota in slabovidnost lahko pri otrocih, ki usvajajo govor in jezik, negativno vplivata na govorno-jezikovno kompetentnost ter zmožnost socialne interakcije. V svojem magistrskem delu se osredotočam na govorno-jezikovne značilnosti predšolskih slepih in slabovidnih otrok ter ugotavljam, kaj je značilno za njihovo izražanje ter razumevanje. V teoretičnem delu opisujem razvoj govora in jezika na splošno, nato pa nadaljujem z govorom in jezikom pri slepih in slabovidnih otrocih. Opisujem predvsem govorno-jezikovno obdobje in predstavljam govorno-jezikovne značilnosti po posameznih področjih. Pri govorno-jezikovnem izražanju sem se usmerila na fonološko zmožnost in razumljivost govora ter gramatično, semantično in pragmatično zmožnost, v dodatnem poglavju pa sem nekaj pozornosti posvetila še govorno-jezikovnemu razumevanju. Empirični del sem oblikovala na podlagi študije govorno-jezikovnih značilnosti štirih slepih in slabovidnih otrok v predšolskem obdobju, kjer sem na podlagi že obstoječih lestvic v tujem jeziku prirejene lestvice ocenjevala govorno-jezikovno funkcioniranje po vseh zgoraj naštetih področjih. Rezultati kažejo, da na področju razumljivosti govora in fonološke zmožnosti otroci dosegajo nivo delne usvojenosti, enako kot pri gramatični zmožnosti, kjer posameznikom največ težav povzroča raba zaimkov. Dolžina povedi je z izjemo najmlajšega dečka pri otrocih glede na starost ustrezna, prav tako besedišče in nabor besed. Semantično zmožnost v splošnem sicer še usvajajo, pri enem od preučevanih otrok sem zaznala pojav verbalizmov. Tudi pragmatična zmožnost je še na stopnji usvajanja, največja odstopanja so se izkazala pri obnavljanju zgodbe v pravilnem vrstnem redu ter prostem pripovedovanju zgodbe, poleg pomanjkljivega opazovanja govorca z očmi med pogovorom. Pri preučevani slabovidni deklici v nekaterih situacijah prihaja tudi do rabe večjega deleža vprašanj ter pojava eholalij in produkcije nenavadnih glasov in vzklikov, česar pri ostalih otrocih ni bilo. Na področju govorno-jezikovnega razumevanja trije od štirih preučevanih otrok dosegajo mejnike za svojo starost in je receptivni jezik usvojen v celoti, četrti, najmlajši otrok, pa je na stopnji usvajanja. Na podlagi preučene literature in lastnih opažanj pri otrocih, vključenih v raziskavo, sem oblikovala ter podala še strategije za spodbujanje govorno-jezikovnega izražanja ter razumevanja pri slepih in slabovidnih otrocih, z namenom pomoči otroku, staršem in strokovnjakom.Blindness and visual impairment can have a negative influence on the speech and language development and social interaction of young children who are learning how to speak. In my masters dissertation I focus on the speech and language characteristics of blind and visually impaired preschool children and discover what is characteristic of their expression and comprehension. In the theoretical part I describe the development of speech and language in general and then turn to the speech and language of blind and visually impaired children. I describe the linguistic language development and present different fields of speech and language characteristics. When discussing expression through speech and language I have turned especially to phonological capacity and the comprehensibility of speech and grammatical, semantic and pragmatic capacity while in an additional chapter I have given some attention to speech and language comprehension. The empirical section is based on a study of the speech and language characteristics of four blind and visually impaired preschool children. I used a scale adapted from foreign language scales to evaluate their functioning in all the above areas. Results show that in terms of comprehensibility of speech and phonological capacity, the children partially assimilate this skill. The same is the case for grammatical capacity where individuals have most trouble with the use of pronouns. Utterance length was in accordance with the norm for children of that age (with the exception of the youngest child), as was vocabulary. In general they are still acquiring semantic capacity and I noted the use of verbalisms by one of the children. Pragmatic capacity is also still being acquired. The largest deviations were in repeating stories in the right order and free story-telling, besides insufficient visual observation of the speaker during conversation. In the study of a visually impaired girl we noticed that in some situations more questions were posed, there was some echolalia and some unusual sounds and exclamations were emitted that were not detected in the other children. In the field of speech and language comprehension, three of the four studied children attained the normal level for their age-group and receptive language was mastered in its entirety. The fourth and youngest child, meanwhile, is still in the process of mastering these skills. On the basis of literature I have studied and my own observations of children, including this study, I have formed and proposed strategies for promoting speech and language expression and comprehension in blind and visually-impaired children with the aim of helping children, parents and professionals