Comparison of two photographic methodologies for collecting and analyzing the condition of coral reef ecosystems

Coral reefs are declining rapidly in response to unprecedented rates of environmental change. Rapid and scalable measurements of how benthic ecosystems are responding to these changes are critically important. Recent technological developments associated with the XL Catlin Seaview Survey have begun to provide high-resolution 1-m(2) photographic quadrats of similar to 1.8-2 km of coral reefs at 10 m depth by using a semi-autonomous image collection SeaView II camera system (SVII). The rapid collection of images by SVII can result in images being taken at a variable distance (1-2 m) from the substrate as well as having natural light variability between images captured. This variability can affect the quality of taxonomic resolution archived from photographic quadrats captured by SVII. Conventional approaches for taking photographic quadrats of coral reefs involve taking images from a fixed distance with the use of artificial light. These methods often provide images that enable high taxonomic resolution, but are typically used to cover areas of 50-150 m. Here, we select key metrics associated with coral reef condition from a functional perspective to contrast how much is lost in terms of association and agreement from image annotations using SVII images (1-m(2) photoquadrats) compared to conventional methods, capturing 0.5-m(2) photoquadrats using a digital single lens reflex camera from a fixed height of 0.5 m above the benthos. Comparisons were made over the same 50-m linear transects at 15 sites in the Maldives. Photoquadrats were manually analyzed using an online image annotation tool and image repository called coral net with 25 randomly placed dots per 0.5 m(2) of a quadrat. Our results reveal high levels of correlation and agreement between methods when measuring the abundance of hard corals as a functional group and individual labels, which make up hard corals as a functional group. These results demonstrate the two methods are comparable when measuring functional groups and coral communities on coral reefs. Therefore, involving rapid semi-automated technologies that maximize data collection for monitoring coral reefs does not necessarily imply that taxonomic resolution is compromised. This insight has important ramifications for detecting important changes in coral reef condition, such as a decline in coral cover or shifts in benthic community composition