The magnitude of viscous dissipation in strongly stratified two-dimensional convection

This is the final version of the article. Available from the American Astronomical Society via the DOI in this record.Convection in astrophysical systems must be maintained against dissipation. Although the effects of dissipation are often assumed to be negligible, theory suggests that in strongly stratified convecting fluids, the dissipative heating rate can exceed the luminosity carried by convection. Here, we explore this possibility using a series of numerical simulations. We consider two-dimensional numerical models of hydrodynamic convection in a Cartesian layer under the anelastic approximation and demonstrate that the dissipative heating rate can indeed exceed the imposed luminosity. We establish a theoretical expression for the ratio of the dissipative heating rate to the luminosity emerging at the upper boundary, in terms only of the depth of the layer and the thermal scale height. In particular, we show that this ratio is independent of the diffusivities and confirm this with a series of numerical simulations. Our results suggest that dissipative heating may significantly alter the internal dynamics of stars and planets.We acknowledge support from the European Research Council under ERC grant agreements No. 337705 (CHASM). The simulations here were carried out on the University of Exeter supercomputer, a DiRAC Facility jointly funded by STFC, the Large Facilities Capital Fund of BIS and the University of Exeter. We also acknowledge PRACE for awarding us access to computational resources Mare Nostrum based in Spain at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center, and Fermi and Marconi based in Italy at Cineca