Cumulative social risk and risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and all-causes

Mortality rates for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have declined steadily over the past few decades in high-income countries. This decline has by far disproportionately favored those with higher income, educational attainment, and social support or those who are members of ethnic majority groups [1–7]. Few studies have examined the cumulative effects of multiple social risk factors on CVD mortality rates [8]. Disparate exposure to multiple social risk factors may contribute to social inequalities in CVD mortality rates