Handheld calculators as tools for algebra learning : a literature review

What evidence can be found in recent research literature of the potential positive or negative effects of using graphic and symbolic calculators (CAS) in mathematics education? The focus of this literature review is the use of handheld calculators and their effect on algebra learning, including theoretical background. This include concepts as ‘mediating tool’, ’cognitive tool’, ‘instrument’, ‘register’, ‘object-process’, and ‘procept’. Results of some recent metastudies, based on a relatively large number of research papers and reports, are also discussed. This paper mainly addresses epistemological and cognitive aspects of mathematics and of the learning of mathe-matics, in particular algebra, within this technological environment. It also includes studies of learning processes with technology and the impact of technology on the learning of algebra