Still Lives: The History and Philosophy of Mourning Texts

“Call no one happy until they are dead.” “Never speak ill of the dead.” If we still heed the injunctions of Solon and Chilon of Sparta, then obituaries, which represent a prominent way of expressing the human universal of grief, are a resource for philosophical anthropology. Philosophers have emphasized that we can determine what counts as a virtue for a given type of person in a given cultural context by analyzing what people say about the dead (Zagzebski 1996, p. 135). Such judgments summarize the deceased’s life and place it in a meaningful narrative context. This is why practitioners of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ask patients to write their own obituaries: doing so helps people clarify what they value, how they want to live, and what their lives mean (Hayes et al. 2011). Moreover, praising the dead is a way of a performatively identifying with them; this is presumably why Aristotle said that Plato was a “man whom bad men have no right to praise” (Jaeger 1927). In well-known mourning texts from ancient Greece, Pericles and Plato compete to structure the meaning and value of Athenian citizenship by telling the story of recently-deceased soldiers in a way that emphasizes either their courage (in the case of Pericles) or their dedication to justice (in the case of Plato). Both understand that how we choose to remember the deceased expressively constitutes both individual and collective values, sentiments, and relationships. Pericles uses the occasion of patriotic grief to call for public recommitment to war and conflict with Sparta and her allies. Plato uses the same occasion to reorient Athens to justice, with militarism and empire side-lighted as merely sometimes instrumental to that higher value. Thus, obituaries and poetic elegies reveal a culture’s values, virtues, and constituents of wellbeing. Speaking well of the dead enables us to tell the story both of individuals who have passed away and of the cultures that shaped them and in which they participated. In so doing, we weave those we held dear into the fabric of human nature, human achievement, and human possibility. The present work contributes to our understanding of the rich tapestry of human values and virtues by examining and comparing obituaries, elegies, eulogies, and other funerary texts. In this book, we analyze such efforts to speak well of the dead. One of our guiding themes is the way in which the gender of the speaker and the deceased inflect the values and virtues transmitted by these texts. Starting in ancient Athens and the Eastern Han dynasty, we trace the virtues and values associated with different types of people in distinct cultures. We document both similarities and differences across geographic distance, era, gender, age, class, and other demographic categories. Subsequent chapters cover the Renaissance in Europe and the late Imperial period in China, before moving on to modernity. The book concludes with a philosophical reflection on the ethics of grief and mourning, drawing on diverse sources from Antigone to contemporary research on digital graveyards. Throughout, we employ new digital humanities tools that we have developed to aggregate, compare, and visualize a vast repository of necrologies: over twenty million texts from recent decades, as well as hundreds of texts from previous periods