Waves and their effects on pile-supported structures

Three methods of presenting wave data are discussed: the significant wave (including the "design wave" concept), the wave spectrum, and the directional spectra. Their use in calculating wave forces on pile supported structures is described, with a discussion of the relative usefulness of the linear versus the non-linear approach. The concept of virtual mass is described, and how this leads to a type of non-linearity which is of great importance in the reversing flow field associated with wave motions. Finally, a plea is made for more wave data in order that adequate wave climates can be obtained for use by the design engineer, by the constructor, and by the operator