Resuming manual control or not?: Modelling choices of control transitions in full-range adaptive cruise control

Automated vehicles and driving assistance systems such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) are expected to reduce traffic congestion, accidents and levels of emissions. Field Operational Tests have found that drivers may prefer to deactivate ACC in dense traffic flow conditions and before changing lanes. Despite the potential effects of these control transitions on traffic flow efficiency and safety, most mathematical models evaluating the impact of ACC do not adequately represent this process. This research aims to identify the main factors influencing drivers’ choice to resume manual control. A mixed logit model that predicts the choice to deactivate the system or overrule it by pressing the gas pedal was estimated. The dataset was collected in an on-road experiment in which twenty-three participants drove a research vehicle equipped with full-range ACC on a 35.5-km freeway in Munich during peak hours. The results reveal that drivers are more likely to deactivate the ACC and resume manual control when approaching a slower leader, when expecting vehicles cutting in, when driving above the ACC target speed, and before exiting the freeway. Drivers are more likely to overrule the ACC system by pressing the gas pedal a few seconds after the system has been activated, and when the vehicle decelerates. Everything else being equal, some drivers have higher probabilities to resume manual control. We conclude that a novel 16 conceptual framework linking ACC system settings, driver behavior characteristics, driver characteristics and environmental factors is needed to model driver behavior in control transitions between ACC and 18 manual drivingTransport and PlanningTransport and Plannin