FCEV as power plant: a techno-economic scenario analysis in two climates for smart cities

In the Paris Agreement a total of 195 countries agreed on a legally binding climate deal to bridge towards climate-neutrality before the end of the century. This requires affordable zero emission, heat and transport systems. This research answers the question whether solar and wind generated electricity, with the integration of fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen as energy carrier, can provide a smart city area with 100% renewable, reliable and cost effective power, heat and transport. Technology and cost parameters are analysed for all system components in a Near Future and Mid Century scenario. An energy system that is designed in previous work is modelled and simulated with actual climate data from the northern location Hamburg and a southern location Alicante. This is done on an hourly basis to provide detailed insight in the requirement of renewable electricity generation and storage facilities, reliability of fuel cell electric vehicle integration, and the system costs. Not sufficient solar electricity can be generated in the smart city area to cover the building demand, expect for Alicante in Mid Century. In all other cases the remaining building electricity demand is balanced by re-electrifying wind generated hydrogen, which also covers the demand for transport. Balancing of the smart city electricity demand requires 37% of the car fleet as maximum in Near Future, which is reduced to 19% in Mid Century. Reliable energy for buildings and for transport, with a system levelised cost of 0.44 €/kWh for electricity and a specific cost of energy for passenger cars of 0.11 €/km in the Near Future. In the Mid Century scenario, that is reduced to 0.11 €/kWh and 0.02 €/km. This compares with previous work, however in this work more detailed insights are gained from hourly modelling.Mechanical, Maritime and Materials EngineeringProcess and Energ