Legal Rights for Robots by 2060?

As autonomous, intelligent machines that perform functions in a human way, robots are set to become an increasing reality in the everyday lives of human beings (Zhao, 2006, p. 402). Humans, from children to soldiers, are already connecting to robots on a social and emotional level and in parts of East-Asia, like Japan, robots are perceived as having a spiritual nature (Kitano, 2006, p. 79). Taking rapid technological advancement into account, as well as the probability of the technological singularity occurring by 2060, this article suggests that some form of legal rights for robots is likely to become a reality. Utilising causal layered analysis (CLA) and scenario incasting, three future scenarios are suggested. In the zero-sum scenario the possibility of humanoid robots threatening force to gain voting rights is explored. A plausible future is envisaged in the animal status scenario where the conduct of robots is in effect governed by the same rules that apply to animals. A preferable future is entertained in a scenario that focusses on human evolution resulting in equal rights rather than human rights. Here robots have a degree of legal personhood in an inclusive world. By working with humans, robots achieve their full potential to the benefit of all