Domestic terrorism as a challange for restorative justice

Diplomsko delo se nanaša na doseg restorativne pravičnosti v primerih najhujših kaznivih dejanj, kot je terorizem. Restorativna pravičnost si prizadeva za obnovo individualnih in medsebojnih odnosov ter povratku družbe v predkonfliktno stanje. Vendar pa v primeru terorizma to ni najlažje izvedljivo, kar kaže na potencialno omejitev dosega restorativne pravičnosti. Pojem »skandinavska izjemnost« označuje skupne značilnosti, ki jih imajo skandinavske države na področju kaznovalne politike. Socialni sistem teh držav je prežet z demokratičnimi vrednotami, kar se odraža na kazenskem področju v nizkih in humanih (zapornih) kaznih. Glavni cilj zaporniških sistemov je rehabilitacija prestopnikov in njihova uspešna reintegracija nazaj v družbo. Teroristični napad, ki se je zgodil v Oslu 22. julija 2011, je terjal 77 žrtev in za sabo pustil nepredstavljive posledice. Napad skrajnega desničarja Andersa Behringa Breivika je popolnoma presenetil relativno manj konfliktno norveško družbo. Po njegovem napadu so ostala številna odprta vprašanja, zlasti, kako obravnavati tako resen zločin v zmerno kaznovalno nastrojenem kaznovalnem sistemu in kakšno vlogo naj bi žrtve, svojci in skupnost imeli v kazenskopravnem procesu. Sojenje Andersu Behringu Breiviku z elementi restorativne pravičnosti je imelo v norveški družbi pozitiven vpliv na mehanizme spoprijemanja norveškega prebivalstva z zločinom in njegovimi posledicami. Ta sodni proces velja za primer strokovne obravnave in pravičnega sojenja, s katerim so bile uspešno zaščitene norveške demokratične vrednote.The thesis relates to the potential limits of restorative justice in an event of a serious crime such as terrorism. The aim of restorative justice is to repair harm caused by a crime on individual, relational and social level. In case of terrorism, this appears to delineate the reach of restorative justice approach. In the era of a penal excess, Scandinavian countries seem to be resisting an increase of punitiveness. We refer to this phenomenon as “Scandinavian exceptionalism”, a term used to describe the commonalities found in penal policies of Scandinavian countries. Their social-democratic welfare state model reflects in a relatively lenient prison sentences and human prison conditions. The main goal of a prison sentence is prisoner’s successful rehabilitation and his possibility to reintegrate back to the society. The devastating events that occurred in Norway on 22nd of July 2011, has caused 77 victims. The terrorist attack which was carried out by a right-wing extremist, Anders Behring Breivik came out of the blue and completely shocked this relatively non-conflict society. Norwegians had to face the fact that the attack was not coming from the outside, but was an act of a member of “likhet” (“being of the same worth”, “looking alike”). Overall Breivik’s trial and the elements of restorative justice that has been performed along with it, had positive impacts on the coping mechanisms of Norwegian society. In general, it was viewed as an example of preforming justice that has successfully protected the central democratic values of Norwegian system. This thesis highlights the elements of restorative justice that successfully contributed to the healing of Norwegian society