Add to ORKGstake nMaterials cleared from the land were used to build fences. Fence forms varied even with study areas. "Stake and longer" fences domi- nated the Avalon at the end of the last century. A post or stake was driven into the ground every 8 feet or so and 2 or 3 horizontally placed posts or "longers," each around 16 feet in length, were tied to the posts with withes or gads� (Fig. 18 A). Alternatively the longers were tied to the upright posts by homemade tree-nails or "trunnels," or secured with strips of bark. Along the Cape Shore, and to a lesser extent near St. John's, sticks and branches were woven between either the vertical posts or horizontal rails and were referred to as "wave," "bush," or "riddlin" fences. ANother varian...