Tolstoy and Clio: An exploration in historiography through literature

This paper explores issues in historiography and history as reflected in some of the literary and didactic works of Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910). An artist of eternal merit, Tolstoy\u27s creativity manifests his intense personal, artistic, and philosophical conflicts. In addressing the \u27accursed questions\u27 afflicting his times and society, Tolstoy became the muse of nineteenth-century Russia, but his works embody essential themes in historiography, literature, and history. Attempting to impose a unitary vision upon the rich diversity of reality, yet failing, in his literary works Tolstoy explores the inaccessibility and multiplicity of historical causation, and the dilemmas of freedom and necessity, along with their inherent interpretive difficulties. The role of the \u27actor\u27 in Tolstoy\u27s view of history is delineated, along with an examination of historical progress as the embodiment of the collective will of the masses. Tolstoy\u27s philosophies are depicted including his preferences for anarchism, pacifism, Christianity, and his anticipation of existentialism. The treatment of various historical problems of nineteenth-century Russian society in the works of the novelist is explored, including issues of gender, class, bureaucracy, and social revolution. Tolstoy\u27s essential creative tension, in which detailed diversity prevents the imposition of a single vision, constitutes the genius of his art, and illustrates the moral and cognitive relativity of humankind. Tolstoy\u27s novels refract, rather than reflect, the Russian history of his day. Tolstoy\u27s artistry illustrates the folly of all attempts - historical, sociological, theological, and philosophical - to impose \u27grand theory\u27 upon reality. Tolstoy\u27s philosophy of history, then, is not compelling, yet his artistic expression of eternal themes in the nature of human knowing and being remains sublime