Absence of extraterrestrial ^3He in Permian–Triassic age sedimentary rocks

Helium concentration and isotopic composition were measured in a suite of samples across the Permian–Triassic boundary at Opal Creek, Canada, to determine whether high extraterrestrial helium concentrations are associated with a possible extinction-inducing impact event at this time. No extraterrestrial ^3He was detected, implying that neither fullerene-hosted nor IDP-hosted He is present at or near the boundary. This observation is consistent with similar studies of some Permian–Triassic sections, but contrasts sharply with reports of both fullerene- and IDP-hosted extraterrestrial ^3He at other sections. Step-heat experiments indicate rapid diffusion of extraterrestrial helium from sediments heated to temperatures above ∼ 70 °C. Given the likelihood of burial and associated heating in Permian–Triassic age rocks, the initially unexpected absence of IDP-hosted ^3He likely indicates thermally induced diffusive loss. Indeed one of the key sections (Graphite Peak, Antarctica) from which extraterrestrial ^3He has been reported at and near the Permian–Triassic boundary has been sufficiently heated that the reported preservation of extraterrestrial helium, in both IDPs and fullerenes, is inexplicable. Recent contamination provides a plausible explanation for extraterrestrial ^3He in these samples. While no extraterrestrial 3He was detected at Opal Creek, there is a sharp increase in nucleogenic ^3He very close to or at the Permian–Triassic boundary. This presumably arises from the major lithologic change at this time, from cherts in the Permian to shales and siltstones in the Triassic. Increased nucleogenic ^3He is associated with increases in both lithium and organic carbon content into the Triassic. Either the production rate or the retention of this ^3He is higher in the shales and siltstones than in the cherts. Care must be taken to eliminate such artifacts before interpreting changes in ^3He concentration in terms of fluctuations in the delivery of ^3He from space