Agronomic and environmental drivers of population size and symbiotic performance of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae in Mediterranean-type environments

The population size and symbiotic performance (ability to fix N2) of rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) capable of nodulatingfield pea (Pisum sativum) were assessed in 114 soils from Mediterranean-type environments of southern Australia. All soils were collected in autumn, before the growing season, and had a history of crop legumes including field pea, faba bean, lentil, or vetch. The most probable number (MPN) technique, with vetch as a trap plant, was used to estimate the numbers of pea rhizobia in soils. Of the soils tested, 29% had low numbers of pea rhizobia (1000/g. Soil pH, the frequency of a host crop in the rotation, and the number of summer days with a maximum temperature >358C were strongly correlated with the pea rhizobia population size. Symbiotic performance (SP) of pea rhizobia in soils was assessed for soils with a MPN >100 rhizobia/g. An extract of the soils was used to inoculate two field pea cultivars growing in a nitrogen-deficient potting media in the greenhouse. Plants were grown for 5 weeks after inoculation and shoot dry matter was expressed as a percentage of the dry matter of plants grown with a commercial strain R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, SU303. Symbiotic performance ranged from 25 to 125%. One-quarter of the soils assessed had suboptimal SP (i.e. 5 years, as numbers of rhizobia are likely to be below the thresholds needed to optimise nodulation and crop growth. New inoculation technologies and plant breeding will be required to overcome large populations of pea rhizobia with suboptimal SP. Additional keywords: field pea, Mediterranean, nodulation, effectiveness, Pisum sativum, rhizobia.E.A. Drew, M.D. Denton, V.O. Sadras and R.A. Ballar