Multistage landform development in various settings and at various scales

That many landforms have their origins in the distant past is highlighted by the multistage concept, whereby the structural properties of bedrock which have been exploited by shallow groundwaters are taken fully into account. Fractures of various types are particularly vulnerable to weathering and hence to erosion. Examples are discussed from various lithological and environmental settings - plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and different climates