Working memory and learning

This study presents the findings of a 3-wave, latent variable longitudinal study, exploring variations of working memory in children and its contributions to key domains of learning. A sample of 119 Luxembourgish children, learning German and French as secondary languages, were followed from kindergarten to second grade and completed multiple assessments of working memory, short-term memory, phonological awareness, fluid intelligence, vocabulary, language comprehension, foreign language knowledge, reading, spelling, and mathematics. Results indicate that relations between the measures were best characterized by a model consisting of two related but separable constructs - corresponding to short-term storage and a central executive - that were highly stable across the years. Whereas verbal short-term memory was more specifically linked to vocabulary, the central executive supported learning in a wide range of learning domains, including language comprehension, literacy, and mathematics. The findings suggest that verbal short-term memory is one of the main contributors to vocabulary development by supporting the formation of stable phonological representations of new words in longterm memory. The central executive in contrast makes general rather then specific contributions to learning - possibly in terms of an attentional control system that actively maintains crucial information and regulates controlling processes during complex cognitive activities